How does total RNA normalization work in the Yenos assay?

Urine samples vary enormously in their total RNA content based on hydration status, kidney function, time of day, and individual biology. Without normalization, comparing miRNA levels across different samples would be like comparing rainfall in inches without accounting for how large the collection container was. Yenos solves this by measuring total RNA content in each sample and expressing all cancer miRNA measurements as a ratio relative to that total (the Healthy Level, or HL). This ratio remains consistent in healthy individuals regardless of urine concentration or dilution. When a cancer patient's miRNA is elevated above the normal ratio, it indicates true biological overexpression — not simply a more concentrated urine sample. This normalization is a core innovation protected by Yenos's US patents.