Does microRNA expression vary by age, sex, or ethnicity?

One of Yenos Analytical's key published findings is that miRNA levels — when expressed as a ratio to total RNA content (the Healthy Level or HL) — are consistent across different ages, sexes, and ethnicities. In absolute terms, different individuals produce different quantities of total RNA in their urine. However, the ratio of cancer-associated miRNA to total RNA is stable across demographic groups in healthy individuals, consistently averaging 1.04× HL. This universal baseline is what makes the test equally applicable to all adults without population-specific reference ranges. Cancer overexpression (averaging 1.83× HL) is similarly consistent across demographic groups, which is why the 1.5× HL threshold works as a single universal cutoff.